Scribe! - November 30, 2011

Hey everyone!

So, today Mrs. Stein stamped our stamp sheets for the homework that was due today, which was UP pages 29-31. We looked over the answers to that later on. Then... we took a POP quiz!! The quiz was on meiosis, but it was really helpful because we got a few minutes to talk with our group and correct anything we didn't think was right using notes, the textbook, etc.

The last half of the period was spent on the Face Lab. In this lab, we got into partners, assigning one of us as the male and one as the female, and tossed coins to see which characteristics or traits our "child" would have based on if we tossed heads or tails. It was really funny to see what our "child" came out to be and a good way to learn more about human traits.

Homework...

• Face Lab UP pages 23-28 (DON'T do the Going Further question)
• Readings- Sections 11.1 and 11.2 in the text book

And that's it!!

The next scribe will be Sam P!!

Overview of Class - November 29 2011

Today in class we reviewed meiosis and how the big picture of meiosis is that is makes sex cells. We also went over the differences and similarities between mitosis and meiosis. Then we went over punnett squares. We went over the different terminology for genes. Below are the terms and the definitions that we went over:

Allele: Form of a gene represented by a single letter -(a, A, C, f, g)

Homozygous: Homo The result od means the same and zygous refers to the zygote and its genes. Homozygous has two like genes that for a given trait. For example AA, cc.

Heterozygous: Hetero means different. A heterozygote has two different gene forms for a given trait. For example Aa, Cc.

Phenotype: The result of a genotype in regards to a function or appearance. Hair color is a phenotype. Being lactose intolerant is also a phenotype. You see, you can't always visualize all of the phenotypes.

Genotype: Genes that give a phenotype. The combination of alleles. For instance Aa, Bb.

Dominant gene: The gene that shows up in the heterozygous condition. The dominant gene in a punnett square would be the capital letter i.e. D.

Recessive gene: A gene that will give a phenotype only when in a homozygous condition. The recessive gene is a punnett square is the lowercase letter i.e. dd, gg.

For more information on punnett squares, please refer to this site:

http://anthro.palomar.edu/mendel/mendel_2.htm

The next scribe will be...Ereni!

Review of Class: Nov. 28

In class today we took notes and learned about meiosis cell division. All of the notes from class are up on moodle. To briefly summarize, meiosis is the division of haploid cells. Haploid cells are the cells that contain half of the original amount of chromosomes, which is 23 chromosomes in humans. Another important fact about meiosis is that it only happens in reproductive cells, which are the sperm and egg cells. The video below sums up the process of meiosis:

I hope this video helped your understanding of meiosis. If not, then here are some links of more detailed videos of the stages of meiosis and sexual reproduction:

• Mitosis, Meiosis, and Sexual Reproduction: http://www.khanacademy.org/video/mitosis--meiosis-and-sexual-reproduction?playlist=Biology
• Phases of Meiosis: http://www.khanacademy.org/video/phases-of-meiosis?playlist=Biology
• Difference between mitosis and meiosis: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ba9LXKH2ztU&feature=results_main&playnext=1&list=PLC7DDC2846B1BF913

Hopefully these three links will help you understand meiosis even better. Personally, I recommend the first two videos because, they were very helpful in my understanding of meiosis, and also the various definitions like zygote and homologous.

HW for today:

~11.4 flow map "Stages of Meiosis" OR double bubble map "Meiosis vs. Mitosis"

~UP 13-14 read/color/annotate

Guess Who The Next Scribe Is...........SONYA!!!!!!!! :]

Class 11/18/11

Hi Guys!

Today in class we did another lab on the structure of DNA, although this time we focused on protein synthesis. In this lab we started with a regular strand of DNA and the completed the process of Transcription and Translation. The DNA would successfully be made into RNA and be attached to a a ribasome. Many amino acids would be produced and mRNA would carry the newly produced protein out into the nucleous.

I'm sorry I couldn't upload pictures my phone is really old and I don't have the software.

Anyway we have alot of homework this weekend so make sure to get it all done!

HW

• tribune articles due



• finish up 39-40 if u already haven't


• up 23-28


• finish up 15-20


• read 13.3


• start studying for the test on Tuesday


• ALL DUE MONDAY

THE NEXT SCRIBE WILL BE TANYA!

THIS HELPS!

I was studying, and i found this! it was a nice review CHECK IT OUT: (its also fun)

http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/dna_double_helix/dnahelix.html

EXTRA CREDIT!

Alright guys... 2 extra credit opportunities!

Click on this link and answer the following questions.

1. What color is the RNA backbone in this activity?

2. What 3 amino acids make up the polypeptide chain at the end of the protein synthesis activity?

First 4 people to email me the answers will get extra credit!

Opportunity #2... click on this link, enter in your FULL name... and complete the 'quiz'. You will get extra credit based on your score. This opportunity will expire on Sunday at midnight!

The next scribe will be Sonja

Hello bio period 2!

Today in biology class we checked in 13.4 notes and got a stamp.

Then Mrs. Stein introduced us to mRNA and tRNA, and showed us

how to convert a strand of DNA into a strand of mRNA. Simple right?

G pairs with C and A pairs with T? ERROR! We also learned today that

there is no (T)thymine in RNA. The substitute for T in RNA is U; Uracil.

We converted the DNA strands into RNA with this new information. Your

assignment, should you choose to accept it... is the Tribune article

that is due Monday the 21st. Don't forget to study for the test on

Monday and also the 13.1 and 13.2 flow map is due tomorrow.

This message will self destruct in 30 seconds...

Sam Carter will be the next scribe!

HOMEWORK!: Double Bubble Map on DNA and RNA TOMORROW!
Multi-Flow Map on 13.1 AND 13.2 17/21
Tribune Articles due 11/21



Today, in class we were given a better understanding of the DNA Replication process and how it all works. We were also told of the different materials and objects that are used in the process such as the bases unzipping and being put back together by the enzyme and the inputs and outputs of the DNA. Here are two videos that would help pick, pick the one that gets your interest! BOTH ARE GOOD AND HELPFUL!!!!

Watch this if you want a fun understanding.

Watch this if you have want a clear understanding.

The next scribe will be.......wait for it........JOHN!

OOOPS!!!! Read 12.3 NOT 20.3... Tell your friends... send out a text! Post it on facebook! Sorry... my bad!

Scribe 11/14

Hi everyone! so today in class, our UP pages 7 and 8 were checked.

OUR HOMEWORK:

1. Tribune Article due 11/21

2. UP pages 11-14

3. read 20.3 and do UP 9 and 10

Our lab today in class was a DNA activity. In the lab we built DNA models. In the first part we just needed to build one model that looked like this...

and when it is twisted it looks like this....

the next part of our lab had us split it in half and replicate the model. when you were done and you had 2 DNA models, it should look like this...

the next scribe will be Luke....

Scribe 11.8.11

Hey Guys!

Today we had a shortened class so we did much less.

First we finished the Disease of the Day sheet.

Here is a review of the Disease's we have gone over:

-AIDS: Virus: no cure, attacks immune system, spread through physical contact

-Cholera: Bacteria: death by diarrheal, poor sanitation, can treat most with antibiotics

-Schistosomiasis: Helminth(worm): transmited by snails-larva, infects liver, blatter, uranery

-Influenza: Virus: transmited through mucas-saliva-contact, treated for symptoms only, vaccine- wash hands

-Malaria: Protozan: transmited misquito bites, attack liver and red blood cells, hard to treat, prevent with bed nets

-Tuberculosis: Bacteria: infects lungs, resistance to anti biotics

-Pneumonia: Bacteria, Virus, Fungi: vector born through tick, joint pain/flu symptoms/rash/bullseye

Next we went over the homework, it was worksheet pages in the UP about AIDS.

We finished class by going over out partner quiz. Some of the key points follow:

-Helper T-cells are destroyed by HIV

-Allergy- overreaction to immune system- caused when antigens release histamines

-Autoimmune- when immune system fails to recoginize self

-Retrovirus- (retro:backwards)- normal: DNA-RNA-PROTIEN, retrovirus: RNA-DNA-RNA-PROTIEN

-Killer T- cells- destroys infected cells

-Antibodies: bind Antigens together, mark antigens for distruction of macrophage, disable pathogens

Other thing you might need to know for test:

B-cell: mature in bone marrow, provide numeral immunity

Interferons: slow down or stops activity of B-cells

Antibody: attach antigen and flag for distruction by macrophage

Macrophage: big eating cell, eats bacteria

Homework:

Study for TEST!!!!

DONT FORGET TEST TOMORROW!!

Next scribe will be: Jason!

Comment for Luke!

HI! sorry this is late, i was absent the day it was assigned! Luke: I think you are being very vauge... do you mean like Lytic infections? and then Memory B and T cells? T cells tell the B cells to remember the virus so in secondary response it will remember and react quicker. HIV attacks T cells and destroys their memory so it is harder to react to viruses and such. I don't know what you were exactly asking, but i hope this generally helps.

peace

Comment for Makenzie

The helper T-Cells are activated by the macrophages and then activate the other cells (both T and B) The Plasma B cells produce antibodies and the Memory B cells remember the antigen in case you are infected again.

muddiest point

hi!
can someone explain lysogenic infections? i get super confused on that. Also what is the main difference between Archea and Bacteria? One more Is antibiotic resitance just when a cell mutates?

Thank youu alll

jkahan

Muddiest point

I just found information that is confusing me. I learned that plants can get diseases (mold, fungal infections) as well, does this mean they have an immune system? How does it work? Plants don't have blood cells. The bacteria that eat the plant cells, would that make them primary consumers? What is the plant's primary line of defense? They can't sneeze.

11/7/2011

homework:

1. comment on a muddiest point by midnight TONIGHT!!!!!!!!!

QUIZ today

Test wednesday make sure to come to class tomorrow(tuesday) with any questions you have!!!!!!!

In class we watched a malaria video:

www.pbs.org/wgbh/rxforsurvival/series/video/d_mal1_dis_malaria1_qt_h.html

Notes:

Active Immunity:

when the body or more specifically plasma B cells produce infection

active immunity comes in two forms

Vaccination:

a weakened form of the pathogen is injected into the body to allow the body to become familiar with the infection so it can be stopped quicker if exposed again

Exposure to the disease:

Allows for primary response to occur and the Memory B/T cells become familiar with the antigens so that secondary response is possible(same as with a vaccine-see above)

Passive Immunity:

When antibodies are obtained passively(through an outside source)

Injections of the antibodies- through a shot at birth or later

Given from mothers to children through breast milk

Passive Immunity is only TEMPORARY there are no memory B/T cells used so no recognition occurs and secondary response doesn't happen

Muddiest Point!

Hello dudes and dudets! My overall confusion are the different cells being involved in the the various processes and what they all do and how they help or effect one another. HELP IS NEEDED! Thank You.

muddiest point

i'm still a little confused on what bacteriophage is.

Muddiest Point

I'm having trouble understanding the B and T cell responses, like cell-meditated with T cells and the one with B cells (forget the name). Like what happens in each and the differences between them.

Muddiest Point

Hey guys. I'm having trouble understanding what specific and non-specific defenses are. If someone could help explain this to me, it'd be great :)

Muddiest Point

Hey guys! The thing I am confused on is the B and T cells and how many different kinds there are. If someone could tell me that would be great!

MuddiestPoint

The section was easy to follow so far the only real question is what are protists i mean i know they are agents of disease but what makes them different from the others and how do you identify them?

Muddiest Point

Hey guys! so for my muddiest point i need some help understating how bacteria has resistance to antibiotics. Is there something that can help me remember it? Thanks!

Muddiest Point!

Hey guys! I reviewed the chapter so I think I get most of it now, but the thing that I just can't understand is macrophages and how they fit in to cell- mediated immunity. So if you could just help me with this, that would be great.

-ChristinaP

Muddiest Point

Hey guys I need some explaining and verification about the B cells and the T cells.

• What exactly are antigens and antibodies?
• Please explain to me the whole process before the helper T cell comes in.
• Does the helper T cell turn into a killer T cell after it is activated by the macrophage? And what exactly do the helper T cells do?
• Does the B cell process have anything to do with the T cell process?
• When the antibodies are flagging a cell for destruction are they technically calling the macrophages to come and destroy the cell? So then the macrophages kill the cell and presents it to the T cells so they could attack too.....?

I know this is a lot but i would really appreciate it if someone helped me. :)

Muddiest Point!

Hey guys!

So my muddiest point would probably be exactly what kind of jobs the helper T-Cell does exactly and what the B cells do, too.

If you could help me that'd be great!! Thanks!

Muddiest Point

Hey guys! I am having trouble understanding the difference between what helper T-cells, T-cells and killer T-cells are. If someone could explain this to me that would be great! Thanks!

Muddiest Point

hey guys! I'm confused on Antibodies and how they work with other cells. Can someone help explain?

Thanks!

Muddiest Point

The number one thing I really don't understand at all is what exactly are antigens. I under stand that antibodies attach to the antigens but I never quite understood what antigens actually are.

Muddiest Point

Hey guys! I'm a little confused out the difference between a B cell and a T cell. I think I know what each does but I'm still confused. Thanks!

Muddiest Point

Hi guys, what I don't understand is are there B-cells that kill infected cells or just T-cells?

Muddiest Points!

Hey guys!

It would be helpful if someone explained what plasma B cells and suppressor T-cells do. It would also help if someone explained acquired immunity and its sub categories.

Thanks!

Muddiest Point

Hi Everybody I am still a little confused about the function of the helper T cells. How do helper T cells actually help the cell? Please help me out. Thanks

Muddiest Point

Hi Everyone,

I am confused on the cell mediation cycle. What is the process and what does the helper t cell and the killer t cell do. Also, if you could explain to me what the difference between a b cell and a t cell is.

Thanks and have a great day!

Muddiest Point

Hey guys,
I am most confused about what each cell does (like the types of T cells, B cells, etc.). What is the difference between a killet T cell, and a helper T cell?
Also what is the difference between a specific and non specific defense?\


Thanks!!

Extra Credit (11/5/11)

Today I went to the Restoration Work Day at Kent Fuller Air Station Prairie. We picked different types of seeds and put them in bags. This will eventually serve as food for the plants.

I saw various types of plants and some of them were still in bloom.

Some other types of plants I saw were Orchids, Milkweed, onion plant, and sunflowers. (most of the plants were dry and shriveled up.)

I was really surprised how many different types of plants existed at this site.

When we collected seeds, we made sure to put them in the right bag, so they wouldn't get mixed up.

Muddiest Point!

Hello everyone,

I just have a quick question about B-Cells... Are plasma cells the only part of B-Cell's or are there other parts?

Thanks!

Scribe 11/4/11

Hey guys!

Today in class, we went over some of the homework from the previous night, we reviewed the different functions of the key cells of the Immune system, and we learned about cell mediated immunity.

The key cells of the immune system are:
-B-cells, which include the plasma b-cells that produce antibodies. Matures in the bone marrow.
-Suppressed T-cells, which slow down/stop the activity of B-cells and other T-cells, after the infection has passed.
-Antibodies, which are not cells, but they are made of protein, and they attach to/tag antigens for destruction by immune system.
-Helper T-cell, which stimulates other cells to fight an infection, once it has identified foreign cells in the body.
-T-cell, destroys your infected cells. Matures in thymus.
-Killer/Cytotoxic T-cells, which transfer special proteins into cell membrane of pathogen, which causes cell to rupture/die.

We also reviewed that Agglutination is the process by which red blood cells clump together when they are held together by antibodies.

The last thing we did was learn about cell mediated immunity.
Here's how the process goes:
1. Macrophages, which have the antigens displayed on the surface of it, bind to T-cells.
2. T-cells get activated by macrophages and become helper T-cells.
3. Helper T-cell activates killer T-cells and B-cells.
4. Killer T-cells bind to the infected cell and disrupt their cell membranes, which destroys them.

Here's a quick video on cell mediated immunity.




Homework:
1. Muddiest point posts and comments
2. UP 32
3. UP 37-42
4. Read 35.4 carefully!
5. Remember! Our test is on Wednesday!!

Next scribe is.....Makenzie!

today's homework

I know some of the homework for today is to read 35.4 in the textbook, but what notes do we take with it?

Scribe 11/3/11

Today in class we watched a movie called, "Rx for Survival: How Safe are We?"
I thought it was very interesting and i learned a lot from watching it. Some key points I learned during the movie were...

• In Zaire, in 1976 a disease emerged that was said to affect 100% of the villages with 100% of the infected dying
• The disease that swept through Zaire was caused by Ebolia Fever virus
• the average life expectancy in Botswana from AIDs is about 40 and soon to be less then 30
• What gave Botswana the best chance of beating AIDs of all the African nations is it has a healthy economy, stable government, and many roads and schools
• Medicines were later developed to keep the virus in check, they cost kit them from being an option for most Africans
• 4,000,000 people world wide are infected with HIV
• Many people refused to get tested for HIV because they do not want to hear bad news
• The impact of making HIV testings a routine was the mediates who get many people tested and gets people who have symptoms
• Viruses NEED living cells to survive and multiply
• In 1854, London experienced a Cholora epidemic
• John Snow discovered that nearly all of the disease victims had the same water source
• Emerging diseases such as SARS, are especially dangerous because our bodies have no natural immunity to them
• More people died from the 1918 flu epidemic than any other epidemic in human history
• The flu virus has the ability to mutate rapidly. They can also exchange genes with other viruses
• H5N1 (a strain of influenza) moved from populations of wild birds to domestic birds. It then mutated allowing it to be transmitted from chickens to humans

What i though was the most interesting was the Bird Virus. I found that interesting because of all ways a virus can be spread i would have never guessed it could be transmitted by a bird, let alone a chicken!


Homework is...


UP28-31 AND read 35.3


The next Scribe will be... Kasia!

Scribe November 2

Hi guys, so today in class we took notes on our tree maps and did the disease of the day as well as watched a movie in the beginning and end of class. Tonight's homework is to complete UP P. 28-31 and read 35.3. Both are due Friday. Don't forget tomorrow is a bio day so meet in the Lyceum!

This is the Tree map we filled out during class. I'm sorry if you can't read my handwriting.

We also filled out our Disease of the Day charts. Today was Pneumonia. Some facts about pneumonia are,

• can be bacterial, fungal, or viral
• causes inflammation of lungs
• fluid fills air sacks in lungs
• can be treated with vaccine, antibiotics, or anti fungal medications depending on the type of infection 

The next scribe will be... Jessica G

November 1

It's the first day of November!!!!! Seven more months until school's out!! Now lets get down to business, the homework assigned today that is due tomorrow is to complete UP 22-25, and read 35.2 while doing a tree map. The first two categories for the tree map are nonspecific defenses and then specific defenses and the third is acquired immunity but that's in 35.3 so we don't have to do that column tonight. The first thing we did today was hand in UP 15-18. Then we looked at a cartoon demonstrating antibiotic resistance. We also took a few notes on antibiotic resistance:

• bacteria carry resistance to antibiotics in their DNA (have genes that carry resistance to antibiotics)
• where do genes come from?

-Conjugation

-mutation

• HUGE public health concern- we can't fight bacteria that are resistant to lots of antibiotics

Then, we filled out the disease of the day which was Tuberculosis (TB). The agent of disease is bacteria. The interesting/ important facts about TB are:

• it is spread through air person to person
• it attacks the lungs
• it can spread if it is not stopped
• it is prevented by washing your hands and by getting the BCG vaccine
• TB is a VERY RESISTANT DISEASE. This means that it is hard to kill because it keep on mutating which is not a good thing!

For the rest of class, all we did was work on UP 22- 25.

The next scribe will be.... Kaily B.!